New Media Implicated In The Globalization Of Culture Essay

The contemporary financial matters, culture and exchange is turning out to be increasingly more worldwide as time passes. The assorted variety of administrations, products and customs that could be spotted just two or three decades back in various nations, and even in various states have been turning out to be less and less perceptible during the most recent years. Similar cleansers, feline food, cell phones and so forth can be found either on the racks of the Canadian shops or on Russian and Indian markets. Some state that the procedure of globalization gave the greater part of the world’s populace the chance to utilize the subjective and generally modest merchandise which were already accessible just to the occupants of the nations were they were delivered, however the others assume that the procedure of globalization is dangerous for the market, as because of the production of companies the littler organizations become bankrupt, and along these lines the opposition, which prompts the improvement of nature of the merchandise created, vanishes. The impact of media on the contemporary culture is colossal. Media is the thing that frames our preferences and inclinations, it directs us what to wear, to purchase, and even by what method ought to be act in various circumstances. The media transformed the American culture into the consumerist one, as these days it directs that buying things is the most advantageous and snappy approach to utilize the ideal societal position. The vast majority of the media effects on individuals are performed through publicizing, both immediate and aberrant one. Media is one of the fundamental methods for moving data among individuals, and of shaping their assessments that is the reason promoting is so ground-breaking these days.  â â â â â â â â â â The experts state it is media that has the best effect on the globalization of culture and exchange everywhere throughout the world. It is through the media that similar products are publicized everywhere throughout the world, and, also, similar thoughts are spread. Media makes and sets the guidelines that are to be followed to be considered â€Å"up-to date† and stylish.  â â â â â â â â â â  Of course, various individuals have different assessments on why the impact of publicizing on globalization is so amazing. For instance, Berger, who composed Ads, Fads, and Consumer Culture states publicizing are a lottery, as it is as yet that no one comprehends what promotion will be viable and what won't. Berger includes that the notice officials accept that they squander half of cash, spent on ads, however nobody knows which half it is. (2000, p.2-3).  â â â â â â â â â â Nowadays media is one of the most remarkable instruments of sizing up its buyers. The majority of the showcasing techniques that exist these days are based on the impacts of the media. It is the vital instrument for selling things, the procedure, on which the globalization is based. Decades back individuals branch what they required and their necessities were directed by their life conditions and monetary status. It is these days that from the outset media makes the need in the particular item or gathering of items in individuals, and than they buy the promoted thing. On account of the media individuals no longer purchase things they need; they rather purchase the characteristics of the ideal societal position. Hirschman (2003) states that center cultural qualities have a significant job on publicizing creation and gathering. In this manner, to get chic, an item must be elevated stressing its commitment to those cultural qualities.  â â â â â â â â â â Today media directs individuals what they should purchase, yet additionally how they ought to act, and what should they long for, and those bearings are really a similar everywhere throughout the world. Lindner, the creator of the examination, which investigates the pictures of ladies as a rule premium and style magazine promotions, expresses that: â€Å"advertisements frequently contain extremely unobtrusive intimations about sexual orientation jobs and may work as mingling operators on a few levels. Since commercials are freely communicated, the people depicted are regularly seen to speak to the entire populace, and people in the notices appear to acknowledge these depicted practices, subsequently approving the generalized roles.†  â â â â â â â â â â Media urges contemporary individuals to assemble a profession, and get conventional training. It is stressed in the most contemporary motion pictures, TV shows, and books that to get a good and generously compensated position one must have all the properties of the effective individual, as sumptuous vehicle, costly ensemble, and the littlest cell phone conceivable. Also, as we can take note of those characteristics of riches and achievement are the equivalent in the promotions and motion pictures that are delivered around the world. In the motion pictures and TV shows those embellishments appear to spring all of a sudden, they simply demonstrate the status of the personage depicted.  â â â â â â â â â â It is great how the media prevails with regards to making different items popular. It makes the impression of the item being trendy by appending a lot of attributes to it that are assessed decidedly in the general public. Let’s, for instance, dissect the marvel of the fame of the designers’ garments. In the event that we take a D&G dress, worth 10,000$, we will see, it isn't entirely different from one we can purchase in the retail chain for 100$. The designer’ dress is so costly on the grounds that media have been advocating this trademark for a long time. We can peruse or hear that either famous actor was wearing an outfit made by D&G, Prada, or Valentino on the Oscar grant function, which is communicated in many nations of the world, and subsequently presume that garments made by those trademarks are the qualities of rich and effective individuals, with the goal that its significant expense will be defended.  â â â â â â â â â â The commercials distributed in the media make the sentiment of distinguishing proof. Jackie Stacey in Star Gazing; Hollywood Cinema and Female Spectatorship expresses that: â€Å"†¦the female onlooker is tended to as a buyer of pictures of ladylike magnificence, and in this manner as an eyewitness of other ladies, yet additionally of herself.† (1994, p.5). The notices overall are fabricated utilizing a similar guideline: the potential purchaser ought to have the option to envision oneself in the circumstance where the model that includes the item that is advanced, is portrayed in the notice. What's more, clearly this technique is viable all over, where it is utilized.  â â â â â â â â â â William O’Barr, a promoting expert who composed Culture and the Ad: Exploring Otherness in the World of Advertising, presumes that publicizing imparts subconscious cues with respect to the social and monetary predominance of its intended interest group. As he would see it publicizing offices are not socially touchy (1994. p.111). Byâ promoting effort, the media makes an impression in the potential purchaser that subsequent to buying the publicized item the person in question will get the social and affordable status higher, than her current one. Media for the most part positions the promoted items as a mandatory property the individuals from customer’s present, or target social gathering have.  â â â â â â â â â â all in all the publicizing effort seek after the objective of making the perfect picture of the individual, who is a piece of the objective social gathering potential clients need to have a place with. In this manner the media depicts the individual, utilizing the promoted item in different circumstances and settings that the individuals from the customers’ target or present social gathering visit.  â â â â â â â â â â The instruments the contemporary media use to make the items appealing for the clients are substantially more muddled than they were a very long while prior. The entirety of the promotions that showed up in the papers, magazines or on TV forty or fifty years prior showed the item publicized, and individuals who utilized them. These days the circumstance has changed. Angela Goddard says it isn't necessary for the picture to include individuals so as to say something regarding them (2002, p.81). The notices shouldn’t include a human constantly. They ought to rather picture the environmental factors and the objectives of the individual, who is highlighted. This permits the shoppers recognizable proof with the one, who utilizes the item publicized.  â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â â The system of gathering recognizable proof is one of the best instruments media utilizes in publicizing, as individuals are utilized to the way that each social gathering has its material traits, and they regularly share the idea that it is sufficient to buy those credits to pick up the participation in the objective gathering. Media advances this perspective by indicating unmistakable contrasts between the agents of various social gatherings. Let’s review how the personages are shown in the motion pictures and TV appears. In the wake of taking a gander at the legend for few moments we can perceive his/her societal position without paying a lot of exertion. The contrasts between social gathering and classes are hyperbolized by the media, and the material characteristics are what demonstrate those distinctions.  â â â â â â â â â â Social researchers assume that it is TV that makes one of the most remarkable effects on the procedure of globalization around the world. Pretty much every occupant of our nation knows, that the TV showed up just quite a few years back, and it’s just for forty or fifty years that pretty much every American family has a TV set at home. Television has become the best diversion for the youngsters and grown-ups, a conjured up universe we can float to without utilizing the intensity of our creative mind. The insights says that TV is on for right around 7 hours per day in a normal American family unit. �

Introduction For A Business Ethics Essay Example For Students

Presentation For A Business Ethics Essay Morals in Business From a business viewpoint, working under government agreements can be a rewarding recommendation. When all is said in done, a surge of requests continue coming in, income increments and the organization develops in the total. The undeniable ruins to working as such is both better expected just as the broad research and documentation required for government contracts. In the event that a section neglects to perform accurately it can cause minor glitches just as issues that can convey genuine repercussions, for example, in the National Semiconductor case. At the point when both the chargeable part and friends are discovered, the inquiry emerges of how broad these repercussions ought to be. Is the organization as an element subject or do you investigate singular representatives inside that organization? From a moral point of view one would need to take a gander at the relieving elements of both the workers and their bosses alongside the job of others in the disappoint ment of these parts. Next you would need to break down the last decision from a corporate viewpoint and afterward we should look at the large scale issue of corporate obligation so as to endeavor to discover a goals for cases like these. The first moderating element engaged with the National Semiconductor case is the vulnerability, with respect to the representatives, on the obligations that they were doled out. It is conceivable that during the testing technique, a representative couldnt recognize which parts they were to test under government gauges and business principles. Now and again they may have even been misguided on the last purchasers of the items that they tried. Truth be told, numbness with respect to the representatives would completely pardon them from any ethical obligation regarding any harm that may result from their work. Regardless of whether it is concluded that a representatives is completely pardoned, or is given some ethical duty, would need to be taken a gan der at on an individual premise. The second relieving factor is the coercion or dangers that a representative may endure in the event that they don't finish their task. After the fake testing was finished in the National Semiconductor labs, the documentation office additionally needed to adulterate archives expressing that the parts had outperformed the administrative testing principles. From a legitimate and moral viewpoint, both the analyzers and the journalists of the reports were only going about as specialists on direct requests from a predominant. This was likewise the situation when the plant in Singapore wouldn't misrepresent the reports and were later distorted by the workers at the have California plant before being submitted to the endorsement advisory groups (Velazquez, 53). The scholars of the reports were very much aware of the circumstance yet they acted thusly on the guidance of a chief. Acting in a moral way turns into an auxiliary need in this sort of condition. As expressed by Alan Reder, . . . on the off chance that they the representatives feel they will endure revenge, on the off chance that they report an issue, they arent too liable to even think about opening their mouths. (113). The laborers realized that if the reports were not distorted they would go under addressing and maybe their work would go into danger. Albeit working under these conditions doesn't completely pardon a representatives from moral shortcoming, it starts the disclosing procedure for deciding the request for the hierarchy of leadership of bosses and it assists with narrowing down the individual or office that gave the first solicitation for the untrustworthy demonstrations. The third moderating element is one that maybe envelops most of the workers in the National Semiconductor case. We need to adjust the immediate contribution that every representative had with the damaged parts. Therefore, it must be clarified that a large number of the workers didn't have an imm ediate obligation with the testing offices or with the parts that inevitably fizzled. Indeed, even representatives, or sub-temporary workers, that were straightforwardly associated with the creation didn't know about the inadequacy with respect to the testing division. For instance, the electrical architect that structured the damaged PC chip could act in accordance with some basic honesty that it is tried to guarantee that it did for sure meet the necessary government perseverance tests. Likewise, for the workers that took care of the part after the testing procedure, they were managing what they accepted to be a segment that fulfilled each legislative guideline. On the off chance that it was not tried appropriately, and did in the long run fizzle, isnt the testing office more ethically mindful than the planner or the sequential construction system specialist that was accountable for introducing the chip? Additionally, in enormous companies there might be a few testing offices and is a few cases one might be considered more mindful than another relying upon their association. A procedure like this can fill the double need of finding untrustworthy workers just as those that are ethically pardoned. The fourth moderating variable in instances of this nature is the measuring of the reality of the shortcoming or blunder brought about by this item. Since National Semiconductor was over and again being restored to the recorded of affirmed government temporary workers, one can securely expect that the degree of reality, in the assessment of For the contractual worker endorsement panels, isn't of stupendous significance. However one needs to consider how this case would have been extraordinary if the absence of testing caused the death toll in either a local or outside military setting. Maybe the repercussions would have come quicker significantly more tough. The way that National Semiconductor didn't cause a demise doesn't make them a protected organization. They are still to be considered answerable for any blunders that their items cause, regardless of the greatness. With respect to the resistance to the assigning of good duty, relieving factors and pardoning factors, they would contend that the element of the partnership all in all ought to be considered capable. The administrators inside a partnership ought not be compelled to draw out the entirety of the workers capable into an open gathering. An organization ought to be condemned and be disregarded to complete its own inward examination and repercussions. From a business law point of view this is the perfect case since an enterprise is characterized just like a different legitimate element. Moreover, the resistance would contend that this goals would profit both the organization and the legislature since it would not bother either party. The first goals in the National Semiconductor case was thusly. The legislature forever expelled National from its affirmed temporary workers rundown and afterward National set out to unwind the snare of culpability inside its own limits. This permitted a moderately snappy goals just as the perfect situation for National Semiconductor. Accordingly, one could contend that the substance of a company has no ethics or even an idea of the word, it is just as good and moral as the representatives that work in that element. The entirety of the representatives, including top positioning officials are moving in the direction of propelling the substance known as their organization (Capitman, 117). All representatives, including the sub-temporary workers and sequential construction system laborers, are in some part ethically capable on the grounds that they ought to have been sure about their business obligations and they the sum total of what ought to have known about which parts were planned for government use. Uncertainty isn't a pardoning component of good obligation regarding the laborers. Likewise, the way that a few workers neglected to act in a moral way gives much increasingly moral obligation to that representative. While some are certainly more ethically mindful than others, each representative has some weight of weight for this situation. Indeed, when the legislature arrived at a last goals, they chose to additionally force repercussions and certain representatives of National Semiconductor were restricted from future work in any administration office (Velazquez, 54). Taking a gander at the case from the point of view of National Semiconductor, the result was positive considering the other advances that the administration could taken. As clarified previously, it is perfect for an organization to have the option to direct its own examination just as its own disciplines. All things considered, it would be best for an organization to figure out what explicit divisions are mindful as opposed to having an official courtroom force a weight on each representative in its enterprise. However, since there are moral issu es of deceitfulness and mystery included, National Semiconductor ought to have led an intensive investigation of their representatives just as their own practices. It is through endeavors like these that a company can increase the moral expectation of everybody in their association. This case brings into light the entire issue of corporate obligation. The different sides that must at last be adjusted are the personal matters of the organization, with primary objective of most extreme benefit, and the effects that an enterprise can cause on society (Sawyer, 78). To additionally reinforce this need, one could contend that there are not many business choices that don't influence society in way or another. Truth be told, with the plenty of companies, society is being influenced on different fronts; everything from water defilement to air pack wellbeing is a worry. The most serious issue that we all must battle with is that each choice that a business makes is checked by the budgetary du ty to their organization rather than their social obligation to the neighborhood network, and at times, the worldwide network. This was called attention to on different events as the fundamental motivation behind why National Semiconductor adulterated their reports. The cost that the full tests would bring about didn't exceed their net revenues. Their negotiating prudence lead them to do what all organizations need . . . most extreme benefit. In the assessment of the administrators, they were acting in a reasonable way. All things considered, no official needs to consider themselves ethically flighty. (Capitman, 118). The inquiry that normally emerges, in discussing corporate obligation, is

Visualization COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Visualization COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog I want to continue to provide applicants with an idea of how our process works in the hope that it will allow for relaxation to take place as we work as quickly as we can to complete files so that they may be forwarded to the Admissions Committee for review. Please read this paragraph slowly it is rare that an application is marked as complete by the deadline.   We receive several thousand applications in a matter of days and it takes us several weeks to review applications for completion.   It is best to wait to hear from us if we need something we will let you know. In an effort to provide a bit of insight into the enormity of the work involved in processing applications, I offer the following picture: Starting with the rear of the picture near the IFEP bin, 7 stacks of paper are visible.   We call these stacks batches and each batch consists of applications that have been printed (in the picture the batches are in various stages of completion). Batches typically range from 100 to 300 pieces of paper and each piece of paper has information on both sides.   Each piece of paper will be manually reviewed to check for completion and to make sure the information submitted is readable (sometimes transcripts come out blurry for example). A person in our office will take a batch and start to work through it remember there can be up to 600 pages of information in one batch and we will print a few hundred batches by the time the process is complete.   Think about the time involved in simply flipping through 600 pages of information, let alone reviewing each piece for accuracy and completion.   Our hope is that every document we require was submitted online because if so, we can complete a file more rapidly. If when going through a batch a document is missing, we then have to begin the matching process.   This involves going through mail that has been sorted into filing cabinets.   In the picture, you can also see a stack of mail in front of the first batch. As you might imagine, it takes a bit of time to work through batches and to complete the review, matching, and tracking process.   And to be honest, if a piece is missing we will typically set the file aside to work on later and continue working through the batch because we can move faster this way. My hope is that by explaining this is twofold.   First, I hope applicants will realize how difficult it is to respond to inquiries regarding receipt of individual documents.   We know the stress associated with applying but encourage you to trust our process and wait to hear form us once you have submitted your application.   With several hundred batches and mail in various stages of processing, it is next to impossible to respond to a request about the receipt of a particular document. Second, with hundreds of batches to work though, it can take us several weeks to complete a file.   Do remember that when a file reaches completion is not a huge concern.   Because of the way our Committee structure is set up we will not start to distribute files for reading until about three weeks after the deadline has passed. Rest assured that we will work as quickly as we are able to get through all of our batches, and if we need additional information or clarification we will email you.   Also, when a file becomes complete we send out an email.   If you wish to review how you can track your application online, please see our Tracking and Communication entry from last week. Thank you and Happy New Year!

Youth Offenders in The United States - 1089 Words

Youth offenders in the United States who commit an adult crime should they be tried as an adult or sent off to rehab? According to (Juvenile Offender) young people today are more malleable and can be easily influenced. It is mainly believed that the criminal actions by young offenders might be influenced by such external forces such as parental neglect, and inappropriate living conditions or with relations within their family. It is important to note that instead of seeing a rehab program as a form of punishment. Young people who are undergoing such a program should understand they are voluntary and should consider the program as a positive opportunity to change their lives for the better. Federal standards define any young offender under†¦show more content†¦First, rehab as it implies and what the intention is to return the offender to the community as a cured and viable member to society. Secondly, one can argue that there are hundreds of rehab programs to choose from, the question is which is the best one? Thirdly, adult criminals are thought to be more likely to commit crimes than those who never were convicted of a criminal act, it may seem like it would be better to be a young person and commit a crime then an adult facing ten, twenty or even life in prison. Whereas seeing that most young people will end up with a lesser punishment. In addition, to rehab programs and policies which help young offenders to escape incarceration, probation and even parole. Many states have made it more difficult to be placed on probation for certain offenses and impossible for certain serious ones. Parole, which is the conditional early release from prison under supervision in the community, has also been restricted in many states. So in theory, a return to determinacy and the abandonment of rehab eliminates the need for parole, which was designed to help the offender prepare to reenter the community. Yet parole serves another important function of controlling inmates in prison and is one of the few rewards that can be manipulated (Ken LaMance). For this reason, most states have retained it. Still, the administration ofShow MoreRelatedThe Incarceration Rate Of The United States1543 Words   |  7 Pagesfreedom and opportunity. As the Pledge of Allegiance states, â€Å"One nation under God, Indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.† However, under the current criminal justice system, more and more people lose their liberties because of the crimes they have committed. According to Roy Walmsley, a consultant of the United Nations and Associate of the International Center for prison studies, â€Å"In October 2013, the incarceration rate of the United States of America was the highest in the world, at 716 perRead MoreChild Justice Act : Child And Youth Care Centers Or Prisons929 Words   |  4 PagesIn South Africa, there are two avenues for residential youth confinement : child and youth care centers or prisons. The former provides support services for youth with varying needs such as children with substance abuse problems, children living in overcrowded homes and so on. This is as a temporary measure and is only advocated as a measure of last resort. In prisons, a child under the age of 14 is ineligible to serve a prison sentence and can only serve the minimum amount of time as deemed necessaryRead MoreThe Incarceration Rate Of The United States1370 Words   |  6 Pagesfreedom and opportunity. As the Pledge of Allegiance states, â€Å"One nation under God, Indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.† However, under the current criminal justice system, more and more people lose their liberties because of the crimes they have committed. According to Roy Walmsley, a consultant of the United Nations and Associate of the International Center for prison studies, â€Å"In October 2013, the incarceration rate of the United States of America w as the highest in the world, at 716 perRead MoreThe United States Juvenile Justice Court Was Based On The1325 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States juvenile justice court was based on the English parens patriae adopted in the United States as part of the legal tradition of England. But the efforts of the state to rehabilitate juvenile offenders with institutional treatment with the houses of refuge and reformatories failed. Today, the United States has 51 different juvenile court systems; the laws and statutes vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Thus, each state’s approach to handle the youth offenders is responsible forRead MoreImpact Of Incarceration Of Young Offenders1744 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Young Offenders† in the United States By Cedric Washington (Abstract) This study is to examine the impact of offenders under the ages of 18 becoming incarcerated in United States. In society today there a lot of young children of all races incarcerated throughout America. All around the world there are different classes of people that form a community. Within these communities, population grows and grows on a yearly basis. When looking at the topic of youth offenders, this issueRead MoreIs Canadas Youth Justice System Fair and Equitable1259 Words   |  6 PagesThe Youth Justice System deals with 12-17 year olds in trouble with the law. It uses a rehabilitative method to deal with youth. It makes sure the youth are provided with meaningful consequences for their actions and then reintegrates them back into society. The Youth Justice System brings up a lot of question and the main one is: Is Canada’s Youth Justice System fair and equitable? A lot of people argue that it is too lenient while others say it is a great method for dealing with youth. The YouthRead MoreA Separate Juvenile Justice System1003 Words   |  5 Pages1. Introduction The youth in society today are fairly at a disadvantage when it comes to being in a society where they are prejudged by their immaturity level and tend to make mistakes when mixed in with the wrong crowd of individuals. The youth form an essential part of any society. The youth are to be molded to become better adults as they are growing up in society, to become law abiding citizens. They are to be protected, guided and shielded from the evils of the world. There is no doubt thatRead MoreThe Death Of South Korea1667 Words   |  7 Pagesout to be a chronic offender as he got older.† This tragic case basically shows how misdemeanor become a chronic offender. Based on this case, this position paper will figure out the problems which cause juveniles to be chronic offenders and how juveniles could be prevented from becoming chronic offenders. Chronic offender is a delinquent offender who is arrested five or more times before he or she is 18 and who stands a good chance of becoming an adult criminal; these offenders are responsible forRead MoreCapital Punishment Should Be Legal933 Words   |  4 Pages One of the most controversial issues in the country today is addressed in the question, should capital punishment be applied to minors and, if so how young it too young? Although, capital punishment has been a part of the United States for many years, the United States still have yet to figure out how to solve all its dilemmas and whether or not capital punishment should be administered to minors. Debates about the use of capital punishment for juveniles have grown increasingly intense, within theRead MoreRestorative Justice and Youth Reoffending in the United Kindom950 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The United Kingdom is a society with the good government system, structure and laws policing as well as keeping the populace safe. This established system and structures contribute to making the United Kingdom a safe place to stay. The latest figures from the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) show that there were an estimated 8.5 million incidents of crime against households and resident adults (aged 16 and over) in England and Wales for the year ending June 2013 (ONS). This

The Theory Behind Absolute Advantage - 1141 Words

Over many years there has been many conceptual theories devised to help explain the reasons why there is trade within the world accompanied by the possibilities that gains could or could not be made. This piece of work will examine four main theories put forward by Adam Smith (Absolute advantage, 1776) which was then expanded on by David Ricardo with his theory of the Ricardian Model (Comparative advantage, 1817). Also including the Heckscher-Ohlin model (relative factor abundance, 1919, 1933) and the ideas of New Trade Theory (Economies of Scale and Imperfect Competition). These ideas will be evaluated and synthesised to see if these explanations truly explain the reasons of trade theory. Absolute advantage was an idea suggest by Adam Smith in 1817. The theory behind absolute advantage suggests that if a country is highly skilled and efficient in producing a certain good with the fewer resources, then it is believed that a specific country has an absolute advantage in the production of that good (SlomanGarratt, 2013). However Absolute advantage can only occur if the country using its resources for a specific good/service does so efficiently otherwise no gains are made from trading. Although it can be argued that the idea of Absolute advantage does not particularly make much sense in explaining trade patterns. As said in Feenstra’s and Taylors book, Absolute advantage does not particularly help to explain the case of why the US imports snowboards from places like ChinaShow MoreRelatedDifference Between Absolute and Comparative Advatage621 Words   |  3 PagesThe theory of comparative advantage is perhaps one of the most important concepts in international trad e theory. A country has an absolute advantage in the production of a good relative to another country if it can produce the good at lower cost or with higher productivity. Absolute advantage compares industry productivities across countries. In the case of Zambia, for instance, the country has an absolute advantage over many countries in the production of copper. This occurs because of the existenceRead MoreThe Value Of The Model Depends On Their Truth Or Falsity1186 Words   |  5 Pagesservices differs and as result each country has its own  «comparative advantage » for certain goods or services. Krugman and Obstfeld stated that  «a country has a comparative advantage in producing a good if the opportunity cost of producing that good in terms of other goods is lower in that county than in it is in other countries ». 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The concept of the â€Å"invisible hand of the market† is a central piece of the argument that markets should be left alone and that without government intervention markets tend to regulate themselves to accommodate the changing times. Next to this notion, Ricardo’s law of â€Å"Comparative Advantage† argues that a country should specialise inRead MoreIn This Essay, I Will Examine Social Contract Theory And1619 Words   |  7 PagesIn this essay, I will examine social contract theory and explain the perspectives of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. From there, I will explore Dostoyevsky’s poem, Grand Inquisitor, and conduct an analysis of the relationships between the Grand Inquisitor and his subjects as well as Jesus and his followers. After, I will draw parallels associating The Grand Inquisitor’s relationship to his subjects with Thomas Hobbes’ perspective on social contract theory. Similarly, I will analogize Jesus’ relationshipRead MoreThe Great Ideas Of Thomas Hobbes Leviathan, And Adam Smith s The Wealth Of Nations1083 Words   |  5 PagesWealth of Nations, the most important ideas deal with human nature and social order. In this paper, I will argue Hobbes’ lack of optimism, and Smith’s lack of pessimism in their theories of human nature, and will also discuss how our ide a of social order changes once these aspects are taken into consideration. Hobbes’ theory of human nature begins with him stating that all men are created equal. With all men being created equal, this means that everyone is equally capable of killing each other, becauseRead MoreJohn Rawls s Theory Of Justice1558 Words   |  7 Pagesthe twentieth century. He is well known for his published work called the Theory of Justice. In this book, he tried to explain the political structures that are designed by society for its citizens. He considered his theory as a guide to preserving social justice and individual liberty. In this essay, I will explain Rawls philosophy on the principles of justice, the veil of ignorance and provide my criticisms to his theories. A society should be well organized and beneficial for its citizens becauseRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke Essay1441 Words   |  6 Pagesaddition, the two represented an increasingly modernized European population that despised absolute kingship. Both Hobbes and Locke proposed a conception of external power to solve the issues arising from the state of nature?s inconveniences. Also necessary is a third power to calm insecurity in case there was a war. However, the creation of government and the transition out of natural state, including the logic behind this idea, exposes sharp contrasts between the two philosophers. After researching forRead MoreCan Brazil Become a Global Competitor in It Technology914 Words   |  4 Pagesactions regarding the international information technology sector using theories presented in International Business: The Challenge of Global Competition and provide recommendations to the Brazilian government and its outsourcing industry in order to im prove their prospects for success in building a strong international competitive position in the information technology outsourcing business. Although Brazil is currently lagging behind India in IT outsourcing it is the 5th largest country and 11th most

The Corruption of Denmark in William Shakespeare’s Hamlet Free Essays

string(75) " her emotions and mind are damaged, she loses trust and faith in both men\." No nation is entirely free from corruption. Nevertheless, if corruption is strong enough, it can hinder the good governance and decay the fabric of society. It is an obstacle to sustainable development, and leaves little room for justice to prevail. We will write a custom essay sample on The Corruption of Denmark in William Shakespeare’s Hamlet or any similar topic only for you Order Now Throughout the play, Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, a corrupting disease plagues Denmark and the people within it.The incestuous marriage between Gertrude and Claudius, in addition to murdering King Hamlet, is the main example of deceit, corruption and evil. Throughout the play we can sketch a progression of this corruption, through disease, in the characters of Polonius, Claudius, Ophelia and Hamlet. This directly causes the downfall of the castle and Denmark. At the end of the play, the castle and the land are taken over by Fortinbras, the final even that signifies the fall of the nation. In Hamlet, Shakespeare depicts Claudius as the source of corruption in Denmark, which slowly spreads through Elsinore and leads to the downfall of Denmark.In the beginning of the play, the ghost of King Hamlet arrives to warn Prince Hamlet about the corruption in Elsinore. The ghost tells him that he was murdered by poison inserted into his ear by Claudius. Claudius is the first to fall sick with the disease of corruption. King Hamlet was a powerful ruler, who kept his nation strong, intact and clean. At the time of his rule Denmark could have been described as an â€Å"unweeded garden†(I. ii. 135), similar to the Garden of Eden. Claudius’ sin creates a dirty and contagious weed in this garden. This leads Marcellus to say that â€Å"there is something rotten in the state ofDenmark†(I. iv. 90). This statement refers directly to Claudius’ corruption, as he is the catalyst of the rot and death of the nation. His malevolent actions, which bring him to power, plague the people around him. The ghost tells Hamlet: â€Å"If thou didst ever thy dear father love— / †¦ [to] / Revenge his foul and most unnatural murder† (I. v. 23-25). The images of rotting and foulness in odor entering the castle symbolize the contagious property of sin. Furthermore, if a ghost appears, it indicates that something drastically bad or catastrophic has or will occur. This demonstrates how appalling Claudius’ actions are and the level power it has to corrupt everyone else in the castle. Prince Hamlet is portrayed by Shakespeare as a noble prince who is trying to fight the evil and corruption of the world. After the ghost’s visit, he knows his goal is to restore order in Elsinore. Unfortunately, this corruption affects him himself which causes him to go mentally insane and leads to his death. The first sign of this madness is when he contemplates suicide, which is sinful in Catholisism. To be, or not to be: that is the question:Whether ’tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them? (III. i. 58-62) He hesitates whether it would be easier to die rather than to fight against the corruption and all his troubles. The murder of his father, the incestuous marriage of his mother and uncle, and Ophelia’s supposed rejection of him is just too much for him to endure. Hamlet has just come home from university in Wittenberg, where he was taught to think and use ideals and is now having difficulty living in a world that is so rotten.The power of Claudius’ deceitful deeds has the ability to slowly destroy a character as noble as Hamlet. He comes to the conclusion that no one would willingly bear the pains of his life if they were not afraid of what comes after it. It is this fear that causes Hamlet’s incapacity for action. The indecision to kill Claudius prolongs the growth of the madness in himself. His original intentions of the antic disposition are good but are soon corrupted by the Danish court. He is torn between the corruption in Denmark and his Noble self. Throughout the rest of the play, Prince Hamlet puts on an antic disposition.He pretends to go mad in order to throw off Claudius. However, Hamlet slowly starts to become truly insane as he acts foolishly without thinking of consequences, and often hurts the people he cares about. Polonius is one of the most corrupt characters of the play. However, we can see that his corruption is in his nature and not caused only by the murder of King Hamlet. In his speech to his son, Leartes (I. iii), he opposes the virtue of being close-mouthed and discrete. Polonius later instructs his servant Renyaldo to spy on Laetes in Paris. This is very hypocritical of him as he is doing exactly what he condemned earlier.He also meddles into the relationship of Ophelia and Hamlet, without taking into account their feelings, and is only willing to satisfy his own goals. He does not want to offend the king or make it seem like he is pushing his daughter to marry Hamlet. Hamlet views Ophelia as someone pure, cares deeply about her and does not take into consideration their difference in stature. Unfortunately, Polonius manages to corrupt their innocent relationship. After Polonius spies on Hamlet, to prove his insanity to the king, Hamlet suspects Ophelia of being involved in the spying and plotting that has been occurring.He tells her that â€Å"God has given [her] one face, and [she] make [herself] another†(III. i. 144-145). He tells her that she is an inconsistent and fickle person and thinks that she betrayed him. Hamlet’s mind is corrupted by the general evil in Elsinore. Ophelia represents the values of youth, purity and innocence that are corrupted, like Hamlet, by the Danish Court. Her downward spiral into madness begins after the nunnery scene(III. i). She is manipulated by her father and cruelly abused by Hamlet. Before the scene, Ophelia trusted Hamlet’s nobility and Polonius’ wisdom.However, at the end, after her emotions and mind are damaged, she loses trust and faith in both men. You read "The Corruption of Denmark in William Shakespeare’s Hamlet" in category "Papers" Ophelia tells her brother: â€Å"†I would give you some violets, but they withered all when my father died†(IV. iii. 180-1). As violets represent faith, she had given all of her faith to her father, and lost it when he died. She refuses to acknowledge the corruption in Elsinore and shields herself from it by childish chatter. Ophelia commits suicide by drowning herself. Suicide is an extremely sinful way to die, and is generally only done or contemplated if someone was truly mad.Ophelia’s spiral downfall that ends in death depicts how Elsinore has degenerated to the point that it can corrupt even the purest form of innocence. Horatio and Fortinbras are the only characters in the play that are not affected by the disease of corruption. Fortinbras does not get affected since he is not part of the Danish court or Denmark itself. Horatio is one of the most intelligent and brave characters of the play. He is a learned scholar at Wittenberg, who knows how to deal with situations in a reasonable and intelligent manner.When the ghost appears for the first time, he does not fear it like the other characters whom he described becoming â€Å"almost to Jelly with the act of fear†(I. ii. 205). He goes to report exactly what he saw to Hamlet directly. He is extremely loyal to Hamlet and remains honest and sincere during the entire play. He seems to be the only person who knows exactly what is happening and can accurately predict the future. He knows that the ghost will lead to Prince Hamlet’s suicide or madness and he tries to prevent Hamlet from meeting with him. Horatio does not have any strong or dependant relationships within Elsinore.He is a very solitary man, with little or no personal goals, making him immune to the disease of corruption. Although he dies at the end of the play, it is not because of the corruption of Elsinore, but because he offered to die alongside his friend. With the fall of every character in the Kronborg castle, the fall of Denmark is inevitable. After the fencing match during Leartes and Hamlet, every main character, besides Horatio and Fortinbras is presumed dead. Fortibras sees this as the perfect time to take control of the throne and says: â€Å"I have some rights of memory in this kingdom,/Which now to claim my vantage doth invite me†(V. i. 390-391). He, like Prince Hamlet was seeking to take revenge on behalf of his dead father. Conversely, he did not delay his actions and he knew exactly the right time to take what he desired. Since Fortinbras is originally associated with Norway, it is as if Denmark no longer exists as its own entity and can be considered the fall of the nation. Claudius, as the originator of the corruption in Denmark, is obviously the most evil, deceitful and corrupt character of the play. After murdering his wn brother to take power of the thrown, he marries Price Hamlet’s mother. This can be considered to be incestuous and morally reprehensible. Because of this union, Gertrude is now inevitably corrupt. She, like all other characters who have been affected, must die. In his speech announcing his marriage, he tries to show remorse of the death of King Hamlet by saying: â€Å"Though yet of Hamlet our dear brother’s death [†¦]To bear our hearts in grief and our whole kingdom/To be contracted in one brow and woe†(I. ii. 1-4).His true intention is not taking care of his kingdom or its people, but power and control, through the manipulation of others. Claudius is corrupt enough that he is willing to do anything to justify his place on the throne. Most of his actions in the play are to eliminate threats and secure his power. He repeatedly tries to kill Hamlet by, for example, sending him with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to be killed, setting up a fixed fencing match, and poisoning his drink. All of these backfire and end up hurting him in some way. Claudius can clearly be seen as the originator of corruption of all the characters. Hamlet is corrupted mainly because of the murder of his father and marriage of his mother, which was committed by Claudius. Ophelia is corrupted due to Hamlet rejecting her and killing her father. However, since Hamlet’s mind suffers the corruption of Claudius’ crimes, Claudius can be named responsible for Ophelia’s fall. The murder of King Hamlet can effectively parallel the death of the state of Denmark by Claudius. In the begging of the play, the ghost of King Hamlet describes his death to his son.Upon my secure hour thy uncle stole With juice of cursed hebona in a vial, And in the porches of my ears did pour The leperous distilment . . . . . . doth posset And curd, like eager droppings into milk, the thin and wholesome blood. So did it mine. And a most instant tetter barked about, Most lazar-like, with vile and loathsome crust All my smooth body (I. v. 61-73) He describes his body dying and decaying using images such as curdy milk, poison, rotting and leprosy. These images can be, in the same way used to describe the fall of Denmark.King Hamlet has fallen, and his land must fall with him. Claudius is responsible for both the murder of his brother, and the murder of Denmark. It can be clearly seen that Claudius is the originator of the corruption in Denmark. His sinful deeds cause catastrophes in the Kronborg Castle, which result in the fall of every character and Denmark. His evil affects even the purest and noblest of characters such as Ophelia and Hamlet. Today’s society can learn a lot from Hamlet. Corruption has gone global; Scores of civilizations have perished due to greed and corruption.It seems it is ingrain in human nature to fall for the traps and deceit as depicted in Hamlet. There seems to be no remedy for corruption. In today’s global economy everyone wants to go ahead at the cost of someone else’ perish and would not stop at anything to achieve their goals. As seen by Horatio, education and reason is the only remedy by which one can be made to understand the consequences of suffering of society due to corruption and malice.Works Cited Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Cambridge: Cambridge School Shakespeare, 2007. How to cite The Corruption of Denmark in William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Papers

Kadeejah Johnson Essays (496 words) - Neuropsychological Assessment

Kadeejah Johnson Education 201 Professor A. Baker April 29, 2016 Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Adulthood Chapter 15: Apply (page 406) Between ages 40 and 50, Nancy gained 20 pounds. She also began to have trouble opening tightly closed jars, and her calf muscles ached after climbing a flight of stairs "Exchanging muscle for fat must be an ine vitable part of aging, "Nancy thought, is she correct? Why or why not? She is correct because the rise in fat largely affects the torso and occurs as fatty deposits within the body cavity; as fat beneath the skin on the limbs declines. On average, size of the abdomen increases 7 to 14 percent. Women tend to have a large portion due to weight gain, age-related changes in muscle-fat makeup also contribute. In the forties and fif ties muscle mass declines very gradually, which is largely due to atrophy of fast-twitch fibers, which are responsible for speed and explosive strength. Chapter 15: Reflect (page 412) Which midlife health problem is of greatest personal concern to you? What steps can you take now to help prevent it? I was having trouble getting up in the mornings and seemed to have less energy than most people my age. Some of my friends started to make comment s about my weight . They tried to make them in a teasing way, but my feel ings were hurt. I tried to tell myself that I didn't have a problem because I went to work every day and took care of my f amily. I felt I was a social eater, and that I didn't have an out of control issue . Finally, I decided that I needed to do something about my weight . I asked my doctor where to get help. I got the help I needed and now feel very proud of myself for takin g control of my eating and wiegh t . Chapter 15: Review (419) How do slowing of cognitive processing, reduced working-memory capacity, and difficulties with inhibition affect memory in midlife? What can older adults do to compensate for these declines? In many ways, our memories shape who we are. They ma ke up our internal biographies the stories we tell ourselves about what we've done with our lives. Our memories tell us who we're connected to, who we've touched during our lives, and who has touched us. In short, our memories are crucial to the essence of who we are as human beings. Memory loss also affects the practical side of life. Remembering how to get from your house to the grocery store or how to do the tasks that make up your job allows you to take care of your needs. That's what makes dementia so scary losing your memory means both losing your ability to live independently and not being able to remember your past experiences.

Rome city pros and cons essays

Rome city pros and cons essays Rome, as any society, suffered from imperfection. The city experienced some of the greatest architecture, art, entertainment, and trade, however it suffered from many wars, poverty, and cruelty. It was a city of extremes. Even through hardships the Ancient city of Rome achieved sophistication and opportunities. Rome, considered a city of great services and entertainment. Rome, not like most cities, supplied running water to its residents through aqueducts. Romes popularity and city-paved roads allowed it to be a successful city for trade. The baths in Rome were open to all the public. Lucian commented On entering [the baths], one is received into a public hall of good size, with ample accommodation for servants and attendants. The rich and poor both enjoyed the lavish baths. Not to be forgotten, the population suffering from poverty was provided with free bread and entertainment. As Fronto states The emperors were very careful not to neglect the basic needs of the inhabitants of Rome. They enjoyed the free views of gladiatorial games and the most popular chariot races in the Circus Maximus, holding about a fourth of Romes population. The gladiatorial combats helped control Romes population and punished those who had committed crimes. The Bread and Circuses allowed peace to exist in the ci ty. Rome offered the aristocratic people much more than its common people. Juvenal states In a word, in Rome everything costs money; It takes great wealth to sleep in the city. Much of the Roman population lived in poverty suffering of hunger and unsanitary conditions. The streets were not only filthy, but dangerous. Chamber pots of human waste and objects such as utensils would often be thrown out of windows onto the people, injuring many. Baths were not a luxury to those who lived nearby having to hear the loud, obnoxious sounds of its users. The entertainments including gladiat...

Define and write your professional learning and development identity

Define and write your professional learning and development identity Write your professional identity, Training Journal Its not an accident that one of the West Ends most popular stage shows at the moment is about a character in search of his purpose. The protagonist in Avenue Q is a comedy puppet searching for direction. But his questions of Who am I? and What am I here to do? are not just New Age, mystical musings; they are at the core of what it means to be successful in any business. In fact, if you scratch the surface of most successful companies, youll find whole departments set up to create a brand identity that lets customers know exactly who they are and what they do. Take the brand Innocent Drinks, for example. If you buy an Innocent smoothie, youre not just buying a drink. Youre buying a fun, fresh and completely natural experience that contains two of servings of fruit in a 250ml serving. Its a tasty little shot of good health. And the witty words on the Innocent website, bottles and advertising campaigns tell you so. But its not just companies that need to create this type of brand identity. You need to forge your own voice within your organisation. The employees you work with need to know who you are; what you stand for; what you do and why they need to take notice of you and your work. Communicating this in a powerful, succinct way isnt always easy. Employees often get caught up in the ins and outs of their particular roles and forget about issues outside their immediate remit. They may even feel that taking time out for professional development is an unwelcome diversion from the work at hand. For this reason its essential that you as a learning and development specialist develop a strong professional identity to enable you to have greater influence over the people you work with. Your skills, personality and values are integral to your brand. But its also vital to develop a strong, human, written voice to ensure that you present yourself in a positive light. Innocent have cottoned on to the fact that creating a distinct written voice is an effective way of connecting with their customers. You also need to ensure that your writing style is an integral part of your personal brand. Your written voice is the end result of the words and phrases you use in order to communicate your ideas and recommendations. It needs to be bright, concise and speak directly to your reader. But it should also reflect your personality, vision, achievements and goals. So here is a blueprint for creating a written voice that is distinctly yours. Laying the foundations You need to do some groundwork before working on your writing style. Grab a pen and paper and jot down words, phrases and sentences that describe your skills and personality. You might write, I am someone who sees potential in others, or My core skills are motivating and empowering others. Spend time thinking about your values and all the facets of your personality that make you who you are. And dont forget to note down examples of the value that you create for your organisation. Next, decide which points are most relevant to your work. Organise these into the headings values, personality traits, skills and results. Finally, combine all of this into a powerful statement of purpose. Decide what the overall purpose of your job is. And make sure that this is aligned with the purpose of your organisation. Remember, this foundation work is integral to creating the brand that you will express through your written voice. So dont feel that this has to be a one-off exercise. You can keep coming back to this until you feel youve completely brainstormed everything about you and your work. And keep this work safe its a powerful document that you should keep referring to. Sizzling sound bites In order to create a strong professional identity through your writing, you need to develop ways of succinctly communicating important information about you and your work. Imagine that youre in an airport when you meet a powerful business leader, such as Richard Branson. You strike up a brief conversation and he asks you what you do for a living. You have about 30 seconds to impress before you go your separate ways. Most people would say something such as, Im a learning and development manager for a large pharmaceutical company. But describing yourself in terms of your job title and company doesnt give you a strong identity. Throughout the world there are thousands of learning and development managers in pharmaceutical companies. So set yourself apart by communicating whats special about your brand of learning and development. The way to do this is to explain the context of your role, the issues you deal with and your results. For instance, you could say, I help pharmaceutical research teams to increase their productivity. I do this by transforming the way they approach their work. By finding out what makes them tick, I help each person add more to the business bottom line. Now it probably wouldnt sound natural to deliver this statement in its entirety in one go. But if you have it committed to memory, youll be able work each of its component sentences into most introductory business conversations. By speaking in this way, you explain who you are, what you do and what value you bring to your organisation. Practise developing these compelling two or three sentence summaries of what you do. Write out several of them, referring to different areas of your work. And begin to use them when people both internally and externally ask you about what you do. What does your writing really say about you? Gather together some recent documents that you have written. These could be reports, briefing documents or even emails that you have sent to other employees. Critically look at what messages your writing sends. For example, if one of the things you most value is clear communication, then look at how clear your writing is. If your purpose is to make other peoples jobs more efficient, is your writing clearly structured so that its quick and easy to read? And do you refer to psychometric models or training processes that only a training specialist would really grasp? Does your writing really reflect your values and personality? If you tend to use lots of long sentences, your writing may not reflect a decisive personality. Similarly, a long document that lacks subheads to break it up is not the best way to reflect that youre excited by change. Your writing needs to communicate your brand the elements that make you different. If it doesnt effectively communicate the changes that you have made happen, then it wont be representing you and your work. The principles behind the following techniques can help you to analyse your current documents. Applying them to any new written work can transform the way you (and your documents) are perceived. And crucially, they can help you to effectively communicate the underlying purpose of your work. Seven techniques for honing your written voice One Focus on your reader Before you begin writing a document, ask yourself the following questions: What is the document about? Who will read it? How much do they already know about the subject? What do they absolutely need to know? How important is the subject to them? How interested are they in the subject (which is not necessarily the same question as above)? Focusing on your readers in this way will help to make sure that you present yourself as helping their work lives. Training may be top of your agenda but others may not see it as a business priority. Thinking about the needs of your readers will help you shape your writing so that its relevant to them. Two Clarify your main message If youre unsure of your main message, you can be certain that your readers will be equally bemused. So spend time thinking about what you really want to say. Brainstorm ideas by asking yourself the questions: What? Where? When? How? Why? and Who? Group together the points or ideas that have things in common. Then decide what is important and essential for your readers to know. Your main message is among these points and it can vary depending on which stance you want to take. For example, if youre writing a report on psychometric testing as a training tool, your main message might be to outline the cost savings to your organisation. Alternatively, you may want to stress how employees work better as a team once they become aware of their own personality traits. Next you need to plan which order to put your points in. Your main message is the golden nugget of any document. So make sure it stands out by including it in the first paragraph. Then arrange your other points in order of importance. Three Create snappy titles and subheads Journalists know that a headline is the most powerful tool for winning over a reader. So take a tip from professional writers and make yours arresting. If your report is about the cost savings of psychometric testing, your title could be Psychometric testing: how a fifty-minute quiz has saved 50,000. This is much more powerful than a functional title, such as The results of workplace psychometric testing Similarly, break up the text with subheads that are equally attention-grabbing. For example, if youre writing about an initiative that will be happening shortly, you could include a subhead that reads The final countdown. This creates an image of the initiative as being exciting and worth waiting for. Four Keep it short and sweet Short sentences are effective as they break up ideas into bite-size chunks. Aim for each sentence to be between 15 and 20 words. If your sentences are any longer, its difficult for your ideas to stand out. Similarly, never write a 1000-word document when a 500-word one will do. Always go through your work and cross out any meaningless words or sentences. And aim to make every single word count. Its better to do several drafts of a document than to rush out the original long, rambling version. Five Use active language Use the active voice where possible, as it gives your writing movement. For instance, write This technique has really improved productivity, instead of A real improvement in the productivity of employees has been noticed following the application of this simple technique. Notice that the first example uses the verb improve rather than the noun improvement. Opting to use verbs over nouns helps to make your writing punchier. Six Share your success For any training programme to be a success, it needs to address core business needs or goals. Ask yourself why your organisation exists, why it matters and what difference it makes in peoples lives. Always communicate the success of any learning and development initiatives in terms of specific business objectives. For example, you can write Performance management training reduced staff turnover by 5 per cent in 2009, saving 100,000. By sharing specific business results in this way, you enable others to perceive your initiatives as having true value and being dynamic enough to improve the business bottom line Seven Be accurate To gain credibility, your writing needs to be flawless. So pay particular attention to grammar, punctuation and spelling. When youve worked long and hard on a document, it can be easy to gloss over typos and other mistakes as your eyes begin to see what they expect to see. For this reason, you need to proofread documents very slowly. It helps to take a pencil and stop it at every word. Always double check facts and figures, and if possible, also ask a colleague to proofread it too. A fresh pair of eyes can work wonders. Make your own writing a focus at the outset of any new initiatives and training programmes. And ensure that you apply your new written voice consistently. It is well worth the effort, as a strong written voice is an ambassador for all you do. Remember, in these troubled economic times, excelling in all areas of your personal brand is a must. And using language effectively can propel you to the next tier of success. Whats more, mastering writing skills not only helps to cement your own professional identity, but it can inspire your colleagues to do the same. Leave others in no doubt about who you are and what youre here to do, and theyll be more likely to follow your lead.

HR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

HR - Essay Example This is because according to Westphal and Fredickson (2001), management is a complex phenomenon that entails both an art and a science, revolving round the utilization of human resource and human capital to achieving organizational goals. As an art, management can be said to be the practice of making people more effective than they would naturally be in the absence of any management in place (Tushman and Nadler, 2009). Meanwhile, the twenty-first century has become a very challenging and competitive century for all organizations, businesses and companies to be more effective (Armstrong and Overton, 2007). The need for competitiveness is because the world is now a global village and so any company operating in any part of the world finds itself competing with all other companies in the same industry (Argyris and Schon DA. 1996). With such kind of competition, the best way to ensure survival is through the maximization of human resource, which the definition makes clear, can only be ac hieved through management. What is more, the science in management has been said to manifest in the various ways in which management is performed. In this regard also, it would be said that the twenty-first century comes with so much opportunities for leaders to be highly dynamic in the science of management, consolidating the continual growth of management. Why management will not die anytime soon Generally, management will not die anytime soon in the twenty-first century as Koch & Godden (1996) claim because the principles and pillars on which management strives continue to be important and even more important in the twenty-first century than they were before. These four pillars have been identified by Tushman and Nadler (2009) as being planning, organizations, directing and monitoring. Van (2006) notes that planning is the process of identifying what an organization would need in the short to long term basis and putting in place structures to ensure that those needs are met, whil es identifying the cost and benefits that will come with achieving those goals. Generally, proper planning has been said to prevent poor performance. The debate that management will die soon in the

The Use of Force by Police, Specific Cases and their Implications Research Paper

The Use of Force by Police, Specific Cases and their Implications - Research Paper Example Force is used by the police to overcome resistance to their authority and to protect both civilians and officers. It is necessary that they have this ability in order for them to carry out their function, and the use of reasonable force is legal. However, the subject is one of significant contention, in regards to both non-deadly and deadly force. The use of force is often connected with racism, with significant concern by civilians that many instances where force is used are the result of racial profiling. There is rising debate about whether the police overstep their boundaries in the use of force, using force when it is not necessary, and in order to subdue or suppress civilians that are involved in undesirable, but not illegal actions. Examples of this include use of police force on civilians during peaceful protests, and using excessive force on particular races but not others. This had lead to concerns that control surrounding the use of force in the police is severely lacking. The manner in which police use force is varied and depends on the circumstance, the individuals involved and the agency in which the officer is from. The most basic form of force involves the use of handcuffs. Other non-lethal forms of force include the use of conductive energy devices (CEDs) such as tasers, and of aerosol sprays such as Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) spray, also known as pepper spray (MacDonald et al., 2009). . Firearms are also used, although the rate at which they are discharged is low, with one study estimating at in 0.6% of incidents a firearm was discharged . There are no national laws or regulations that control the use of firearms within the police, and as a consequence, policies differ between cities and states. The rules and directives concerning the use of force differ between agencies. Within the United States, 45% of local and state law enforcement agencies have been found to allow the use of OC spray, and 20-30% allow the use of CEDs to bypass passive resistan ce . Likewise, different agencies and states have different follow-up procedures for the use of force. The amount of force used by police has been found to differ significantly depending on the authority of the police officer. Detectives were found to be considerably more forceful than patrol officers under the same types of situations . Concern for the use of force by the police is partially connected to the lack of discipline for police officers that use force that is greater than the situation requires, even when the force that was used was clearly unjustified. In the case of the use of lethal force through firearms, following incidents it is often unclear whether the force used was unjustified or justified. As the cases are reviewed by the police, there are few cases where the use of force is considered unjustified and as a consequence there are few criminal charges laid . The definition of justified force that is used by the police in these investigations does not always match this

Trusted Platform Module (TPM)

Trusted Platform Module (TPM) Trusted Platform Module (TPM) is a term used to define a chip or microcontroller. This chip or microcontroller can be placed into a motherboard configuration such as devices like mobile devices, or a personal computer (PCs). The requirements and application was presented and established by the Trusted Computing Group (TCG), to deliver a solution where a reliable and genuine relationship exists amongst hardware and software configurations. This facility was executed through cryptographic and hashing algorithms. Additional, TPM offers remote confirmation, a verification and authentication process for other third party software. TPM is a global standard for a protected crypto processor, which is a devoted microcontroller or chip intended to protect hardware by joining cryptographic keys into devices. TPMs technical requirements were established and written by TCG and launched in 2003. TCG was created as a nonprofit from inception and known to have brands like Microsoft, IBM, Intel, and Hewlett-Packard as clients. TPM just as well as others has flaws, and suffers from attacks. These attacks include offline dictionary and OIAP attacks; nevertheless, when joined with other endpoint control systems like multifactor authentication, network access control, and malware detection, TPMs contribution to a sound security platform is valid. (Sparks, 2007) This survey is a complete review of research conducted on TPM, its components, mechanisms, application, and authorization protocols. Furthermore, a description of some common attacks to which TPM has been a victim will be presented. Finally, more recent and future implementations will be discussed, such as the incorporation of TPM within mobile and smart devices and even within cloud computing. First, it is important to start with an overview of the TPM specification, its components, and its purpose. The TPM background section discusses in some detail an overarching summary of TPM. This will include what the motivations and advantages are to using TPM as well as how the different types of keys function. Also discussed is the evolution of TPM over time in how it functions in both its hardware encryption but also its capabilities. 2.1 TPM Summary A Trusted Platform Module (TPM) is a cryptographic coprocessor that replaced smart cards in the 1990s and then became present on most commercial personal computer (PCs) and servers. TPMs are almost ubiquitous in computer hardware and typically not seen by users because of the lack of compelling applications that use them. However, this situation has changed effective with TPM version 1.16 by adding the Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) bit which is a static flag that verifies if the device or firmware the TPM is attached to is FIPS 140-2 cryptographic module compliant. This compliance is then registered by the consolidated validation certificates granted when FIPS 140-2 is validated and are then registered and published at NIST as public record listed alphabetically by vendor located at http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/STM/cmvp/documents/140-1/1401vend.htm. (TCG FIPS 140-2 Guidance for TPM 2.0, ver 1, rev.8, 2016) Therefore, the line of thinking of TPM has increasingly becom e one of importance and an essential ingredient to cryptographic defense community whom are required to prove their FIPS 140-2 compliance. However, this was not always the case since security was not a mainstream issue in the early years of the Internet. 2.2 Motivation to use TPM The motivation for TPM began decades after the advent of what is known as the Internet. From the creation of Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in 1969 it took almost nineteen (19) years for us to become aware of the first known exploit called the Internet Worm in 1988. (Pearson Education, Inc., 2014) Until this time the focus had always been on the development of the computer with no security hardware and software that was easy to use. There was a real concept of information security threats. However, in the 1990s there was the concept of the potential of commerce the Internet would have and the need to secure the PCs that would exchange with that commerce. This prompted many computer engineers to convene and form and develop the first TPMs which became known to be as the Trusted Computing Group (TPM: A Brief Introduction, 2015). A main objective of this group was a cost effective approach to create a hardware anchor for PC system security on which secure systems could be buil t. This first resulted in a TPM chip that was required to be attached to a motherboard and the TPM command set was architected to provide all functions necessary for its security use cases. 2.2.1.Evolution TPM has evolved considerably over the years to become the trusted platform it is today. The earlier TPM 1.2 standard was incorporated into billions of PCs, servers, embedded systems, network gear and other devices, the evolving Internet of Things and increasing demand for security beyond traditional PC environment led TCG to develop a new TPM specification, which recently was adopted as an international standard ISO/IEC 11889:2015. For more flexibility of application and to enable more widespread use of the specification, TCG created TPM 2.0 with a library approach. This allows users to choose applicable aspects of TPM functionality for different implementation levels and levels of security. Also, new features and functions were added, such as algorithm agility, the ability to implement new cryptographic algorithms as needed (Trusted Platform Module (TPM): A Brief Introduction, 2015). ISO/IEC 11889-1:2015 ISO/IEC 11889-1:2015 defines the architectural elements of the Trusted Platform Module (TPM), a device which enables trust in computing platforms in general. Some TPM concepts are explained adequately in the context of the TPM itself. Other TPM concepts are explained in the context of how a TPM helps establish trust in a computing platform. When describing how a TPM helps establish trust in a computing platform, ISO/IEC 11889-1:2015 provides some guidance for platform requirements. However, the scope of ISO/IEC 11889 is limited to TPM requirements (Trusted Platform Module (TPM) Summary, 2008). 2.3 TPM Working Functionality The TPM (Trusted Platform Module) is a computer chip (microcontroller) that can securely store artifacts used to authenticate the platform on a PC or laptop. These artifacts can include passwords, certificates, or encryption keys. A TPM can also be used to store platform measurements that help ensure that the platform remains trustworthy. This is critical because Authentication and attestation are necessary to ensure safer computing in all environments. Trusted modules can be used in computing devices other than PCs, such as mobile phones or network equipment (Trusted Platform Module (TPM) Summary, 2008). . Figure 1: Components of a TPM 2.3.1 Hardware-based cryptography This cryptography makes certain that the data stored in hardware is guarded against malicious threats such as external software attacks. Also, many types of applications storing secrets on a TPM can be developed to strengthen security by increasing the difficulty of access without proper authorization. If the configuration of the platform has been altered as a result of unauthorized activities, access to data and secrets can be denied and sealed off using these applications. TPM is not responsible for control of other proprietary or vendor software running on a computer. However, TPM can store pre-run time configuration parameters, but it is other applications that determine and implement policies associated with this information. Also, processes can be made secure and applications such as email or secure document management. For example, if at boot time it is determined that a PC is not trustworthy because of unexpected changes in configuration, access to highly secure applications can be blocked until the issue is remedied. With a TPM, one can be more certain that artifacts necessary to sign secure email messages have not been affected by software attacks. And, with the use of remote attestation, other platforms in the trusted network can make a determination, to which extent they can trust information from another PC. Attestation or any other TPM functions do not transmit personal information of the user of the platform. 2.3.2 Capabilities TPM can improve security in many areas of computing, including e-commerce, citizen-to-government applications, online banking, confidential government communications and many other fields where greater security is required. Hardware-based security can improve protection for VPN, wireless networks, file encryption (as in Microsofts BitLocker) and password/PIN/credentials management. TPM specification is OS-agnostic, and software stacks exist for several Operating Systems. 2.4TPM Components Trusted Platform Module (TPM) is the core component of trusted computing. TPM is implemented as a secure hardware chip and provides the hardware Root of Trust. TPM has been designed to provide trusted computing based on Trusted Computing Group (TCG) specifications. TPM functions can be implemented either in hardware or software. A secure cryptographic chip (Figure 2) can be integrated on the motherboard of a computing device according to TPM 1.2 specifications (Angela, Renu Mary, Vinodh Ewards, 2013). Figure 2: A TPM 1.2 Chip (Source http://www.infineon.com) A logical layout of the TPM is represented below (Figure 3) along with the TPM components. Figure 3: TPM Component Diagram (Zimmer, Dasari, Brogam, 2009) Information flow is managed by the I/O component through the communication bus. The I/O component handles routing of messages to various components within the TPM and establishes access control for TPM functions and the Opt-in component. The non-volatile memory in the TPM is a repository for storing the Endorsement Key (EK) and the Storage Root Key (SRK). These long-term keys are the basis of key hierarchy. Owners authorization data such as password and persistent flags are also stored in the non-volatile memory (Trusted Computing Group, 2007). Platform Configuration Registers (PCR) are reset during power-offs and system restarts and can be stored in volatile or non-volatile region. In TPM v 1.1, minimum number of registers that can be implemented is 16. Registers 0-7 are allocated for TPM usage leaving the remaining registers (8-15) to be used by operating system and applications (Angela, Renu Mary, Vinodh Ewards, 2013). In TPM v 1.2, number of registers can be 24 or more and categorized as static PCRs (0-16) and dynamic PCRs (17-22). The Program Code, also known as Core Root of Trust for Measurement (CRTM) is the authoritative source for integrity measurements. Execution engine is responsible for initializing TPM and taking measurements. The execution engine is the driver behind the program code. RNG (Random Number Generator) is used for generating keys, nonce creation and to fortify passphrase entropy. The SHA-1 engine plays a key role in creating key Blobs and hashing large blocks of data. TPM modules can be shipped with various states ranging from disabled, and deactivated to fully enabled. The Opt-in component ensures the state of TPM modules during shipping. The RSA engine can be used for a variety purposes including key signing, encryption/decryption using storage keys and decryption using EK. The AIK (Attestation Identity Key) is an asymmetric key pair typically linked to the platform module that can be used to vouch for the validity of the platforms identity and configuration. The RSA key generation engine are used for creating symmetric keys of up to 2048 bits. 2.5 TPM Keys TCG keys can be categorized as signing or storage keys. Other key types defined by TCG are Platform, Identity, Binding, General and Legacy keys (Trusted Computing Group, 2007). Signing keys can be classified as general purpose keys and are asymmetric in nature. Application data and messages can be signed by the TPM using signing keys. Signing keys can be moved between TPM devices based on restrictions in place. Storage keys are asymmetric keys and primarily used for encrypting data and other keys as well as for wrapping keys. Attestation Identity Keys (AIK) are used for signing data pertaining to the TPM such as PCR register values. AIK are signing keys that cannot be exported. Endorsement Key (EK) is used for decrypting the owner authorization credentials as well as cryptic messages created by AIK. EK is not used for encryption or signing and cannot be exported. Bind keys (symmetric keys) come in handy to encrypt data on one platform and decrypt it on a different platform. Legacy keys can be imported from outside the TPM and used for signing and encrypting data. Authentication keys are responsible for securing the transport sessions related to TPM and are symmetric in nature. Endorsement Key (EK) in the TPM plays a critical role to maintain system security. TPM uses a private key EK to generate other keys which are bound to a specific EK. EK should be secured and protected from being compromised. A 160-bit AIK authentication value is necessary to use the AIK by TPM (Sparks, 2007). The parent key used for generating other keys should be loaded first and authenticated by users before TPM can load all other keys. The EK is unique to the TPM and embedded within the tamper resistant non-volatile memory (Angela, Renu Mary, Vinodh Ewards, 2013). Public EK is used for creating AIK certificates and during the process of encrypting data within the TPM. The private key pair of EK is not touched when generating signatures. Multiple AIKs can be stored within a TPM to ensure anonymity between various service providers requiring proof of identity. AIK keys should be stored in secure external storage (outside the TPM) to make them persistent. AIKs can be loaded on to th e volatile memory in the TPM when in use. TPM has a Storage Root Key which stays persistent. Keys are not stored permanently in TPM due to limited storage space. A brief description of the process involved in key generation, encryption, and decryption in TPM is outlined below (Osborn Challener, 2013). A new RSA key is generated by the TPM when a key creation request is initiated by a software. TPM concatenates a value to the RSA key, appends authorization data and then the data is encrypted using the public section of the Storage Root Key and sends an encrypted blob to the requested software. A request is sent for the key to be retrieved from the blob storage when requested by the software program. TPM uses the Storage Root Key for decryption and validates the proof value and password before loading the key into TPM memory. This loaded key is referred to as the parent key and can be used for subsequent key creation forming key hierarchies. The TMP security section discusses in some detail the various ways in which security is implemented and vulnerable. TPM authorization protocols in both version 1.2 and version 2.0 are addressed. Several examples of different types of TPM vulnerabilities are outlined as well as ways to verify the integrity of the system to protect against this vulnerabilities and what the future holds for TPM. 3.1 TPM Authorization Protocols TPM 1.2 Authorization The basic definition of TPM authorization is the process of verifying that software is allowed to use a TPM key. For TPM 1.2 this process is accomplished by utilizing a couple basic commands in an authorization session; typically using passwords or values stored in the Platform Configuration Registers (PCRs) which are referred to as authorization data. The three types of authorization sessions for TPM 1.2 are: Object Independent Authorization Protocol (OIAP), which creates a session that allows access to multiple objects, but works only for certain commands; Object Specific Authorization Protocol (OSAP), which creates a session that can manipulate only a single object, but allows for new authorization transfer; and Delegate-Specific Authorization Protocol (DSAP), which delegates access to an object without disclosing the authorization data (Nyman, Ekberg, Asokan, 2014). Commands are then used to manipulate the keys within an authorization session. Software can prove that it is trusted by sending a command which includes the password hash to verify it has knowledge of the password. Also the locking of non-volatile random-access memory (NVRAM) to PCRs and particular localities is utilized for two different authorizations; one for reading and one for writing. While effective, these authorization mechanisms created a relatively rigid authorization system which make it difficult to administrate the sharing of TPM keys and data (Osborn Chaneller, 2013). 3.1.2 TPM 2.0 Authorization The implementation of TPM 2.0 on the other hand, takes a couple different approaches by introducing enhanced authorization (EA). EA takes methods from the TPM 1.2 authorization methods and improves upon them by incorporating features mentioned in Table 1 below. Table 1. TPM 2.0 Authorization Feature Description Passwords in the clear Reduces overhead in environments where the security of hash message authentication (HMAC) may not be feasible due to its extra cost and complexity HMAC key In some cases when the software talking to the TPM is trusted but the OS is untrusted (like in a remote system), it could be useful to use HMAC for authorization the same way as used in TPM 1.2 Signature methods Allows IT employees to perform maintenance on a TPM by authenticating using a smart card or additional data such as a biometric fingerprint or GPS location. This ensures that passwords cant be shared or compromised by unauthorized users and that an additional verification check is conducted PCR values as a proxy for system boot state If the system management module software has been compromised, this prevents the release of the full-disk encryption key Locality as a proxy for command origins Can be used to indicate whether a command originated from the CPU in response to a special request. Time Can limit the use of a key to certain times of the day Internal counter values Limits the use of an object so that a key can only be used a certain number of times indicated by an internal counter Value in a non-volatile (NV) index Use of a key is restricted to when certain bits are set to 1 or 0 NV index Authorization is based on whether the NV index has been written Physical presence Requires proof that the user is physically in possession of the platform (Table created with information from (Arthur, Challener, Goldman, 2015)) These features can be combined to create more complex policies by using the logical operators AND or OR which allows for the creation of policies to include multifactor/multiuser authentication of resources, limited time constraints for resources, and/or revocation of resources. (Arthur, Challener, Goldman, 2015). 3.2TPM Vulnerabilities When ranked against other standards, TPM comes in as highly secure but that isnt to say that it is immune to all attacks. There are several vulnerabilities that can allow an attacker to circumvent TPMs level of security. The sections below explain a few vulnerabilities that attackers can use to exploit TPM, and the mitigation techniques one could deploy to manage the risk. Dictionary Attack TPM authorization relies on a 20-byte authorization code that is sent by the requestor which if not properly locked down can result in an attacker guessing their way past the authorization. TPM issues guidance on how best to mitigate and prevent these attacks; however, the guidance is not very detailed and rather leaves the specifics up to the implementer. For example, one could implement a design that has TPM disable further input whenever it encounters more than 3 failed attempts. This would effectively prevent online dictionary attacks and has the added benefit of also preventing Denial-of-Service attacks. Weve spoken about preventing online dictionary attacks but where the threat truly comes into play is with an offline-based attack. This vulnerability comes into play when the authorization code is easily guessable, or in other words, poorly implemented. An attacker could observe a given command, the associated Key-Hash Message Authentication Code (HMAC) sent by the requestor and finally, the TPM response back. Since the HMAC is created from the authorization code, session handle and nonces; an attacker can utilize a dictionary attack to try different nonces and authorization codes with the given HMAC algorithm. A match would then provide the attacker with the correct authorization code. This offline attack bypasses TPMs lockout policy and though the attacker but sift through the random nonces and authorization codes, the method is a viable means of attack because it can be reasonably executed given the availability of time and computing resources. The mitigation for this comes down t o proper configuration and ensuring that the authorization code is not easily guessable. DRAM Attack Though this attack is not directly against TPM, it is worth mentioning as it is a viable way to circumvent TPMs security authorization protocols. TPM maintains its keys within non-volatile memory within the TPM component; however, when these keys are pulled by a requestor or requesting application, they are stored within Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM). It is well known that one can easily exploit DRAM to extract valuable information (keys, passcodes, etc) with this even being demonstrated against Microsofts BitLocker encryption utility. During reboot, Windows would load the encryption keys stored within TPM into DRAM, prior to even prompting the user. Given this, an attacker could go in and dump the raw memory to an external device, obtain the keys, then utilize those keys to decrypt the disk. This flaw enabled attackers to gain access to data on stolen laptops, even with full disk encryption. This hits on how a system is designed and ensuring that every detail is accounted for. Even if your system has a TPM, it is only going to be as secure as the weakest component within the overall system. OIAP Replay Attack Replay attacks are a method used by many attackers across a multitude of systems. TPM is no exception and is vulnerable to replay attacks based on several characteristics. First, a TPM Object-Independent Authorization Protocol (OIAP) session can be left open for an indefinite period. The authorized session is only closed by the requestor whenever an abnormal message is received and finally, the HMAC that wraps the message can detect alterations to the message but cannot distinguish between a deliberate alteration and a simple network error. For example, an attacker would first capture a requestors authorized command for later use. The attacker then sends an abnormal message to the requestor which then fools it into resetting the session. The requestor is unable to distinguish between the abnormal message and a network error so no concern is raised. Since there is no concern, the TPM keeps the authorized session open, allowing the attacker the ability to replay the previously captured command through the open session. This could lead to the attacker being able to corrupt or even overwrite a subsequent command issued by the requestor. The TPM would not be able to notice this type of attack which is truly concerning based upon the foundational principles of TPM and its assurance of being able to detect unauthorized modifications to data. 3.3TPM Attestations Attestation is the method a platform uses to prove to another platform that it is in a particular configuration by using a digitally signed set of cryptographic hash values which creates a trust between platforms (Fisher, McCune, Andrews, 2011). The network server first creates a cryptographic random value (used to prevent replay attacks) called a nonce, which is then sent to the client. Software on the client then sends the nonce to the TPM and specifies an identity key. The TPM hashes the PCR values along with the nonce and then signs the hash with a private key. The client software sends this back to the server which then verifies the platform configuration by comparing the public portion of the identity key. This process provides hardware-based assurance that software on these platforms has not been modified. (Osborn Chaneller, 2013). Figure 5 provides a visual representation of attestation as provided by (Osborn Chaneller, 2013) Figure 5: Attestation In order for the attestation process to be valid however, it must be able to be proven that the TPM values from the client are not being spoofed. This can be accomplished using a couple of key components: attestation identity keys (AIK), which are created by the TPM and securely stored on disk before being reloaded into volatile TPM memory; endorsement keys (EK), which are hardcoded by the manufacturer into the TPM chip; and a privacy certificate authority (CA), which is a third-party validation entity. The first step of this process occurs when the public half of the AIK and EK is sent to the CA. The CA then uses the public EK certificate to verify that the request comes from a valid TPM by comparing it to a list of all valid TPM manufacturers public keys. The CA then puts the public AIK in a certificate and encrypts it with the public EK. This ensures that the only party that can decrypt it is the computer with the AIK of the corresponding TPM, thus confirming that the TPM from the requesting platform is trusted, and therefore, the attestation method is trusted as well. (Uppal Brandon, 2011). 3.4Application of TPM With the ever-evolving landscape of technology, there is an increased need for faster, more reliable and more secure methods of protecting private and personal data. TPM is a product of those evolving requirements and has thus been incorporated into many different sets of applications. This section will expand upon those sets of applications and delve into how TPM is utilized within the industry today. Encryption One of the most popular uses of TPM is to ensure the confidentiality of user data by providing full encryption capabilities for disks and file systems. The full disk encryption utilizes symmetric encryption with a key created from the users supplied passcode and used during the initial configuration and system boot. This protects against the loss of the disk drive and serves to facilitate disposal or repurposing of the drive since deleting the keys will result in the drive being wiped. The same method is utilized for the encryption of file systems and can be done so to protect specific nodes. Policy Enforcement With Bring-Your-Own-Device (BYOD) policies becoming more and more prevalent within the commercial businesses, TPM has found a use as a policy enforcement mechanism for remote access. TPM can be used to establish trust and verify a devices integrity before allowing remote connection to an organizations intranet. This utilization of TPM is comprised of a series of hashes that measure the predefined sequence of code loads, starting with the boot of the BIOS through the loading of the applications. The chain of hash measures are then compared to the stored value in order to validate the systems integrity. This is very useful for establishing the base operating environment and developing a baseline with which access control policies can be developed. Password Protection TPM protected storage provides a method of storing encryption/decryption keys as well as providing utility management of user passwords. Typically, the password manager retrieves the then encrypted password from TPM, decrypts it, and then sends it to the client application for validation. Since the passwords are usually sent to the client applications over plain-text, this is a serious vulnerability in which TPM can provide a solution for. Using the 20-byte authorization code, a TPM object is created for each user password with this then being saved in the objects authorization field. To verify a password, an application would need to send an OIAP request to access the TPM object. TPMs response to this request would indicated whether the password was correct or not. As a plus, this serves as both password storage and verification with the password never being sent to the application thus eliminating the vulnerability associated with plain-text. 3.5TPM Future TPM is compatible with many hardware and software platforms in use in todays commercial markets and is already in use by several major business functions, to include: Banking, E-Commerce, Biometrics and even Antivirus applications. Looking forward, TPM will play an even bigger role in the evolving mobile market, providing more enhanced security for cell phones, GPS tracking systems, tablets and more. TPM can be used to secure the Mobile Operating System (OS) from being modified by attackers and can be used to further secure authorized access by implementing a hard-coded digital signature solution. For GPS devices, TPM can be used to protect against the modification of system defined location parameters, thus preventing an attacker from adjusting those parameters to satisfy their ends. The biggest constraint facing TPMs implementation within the mobile realm is the space and power constraints on mobile devices. Research is being done on whether a mobile instantiation of TPM should be based on firmware, software or even hardware. A hardware implementation would be the most secure; however, the firmware-based option will likely prove to be the best approach as it will balance the security of the device with the size limitations. TPM is also being looked at with regards to providing security enhancements for cloud-based services. Cloud computing has migrated most of the standard desktop to a virtual and remotely